希腊字母源自腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母只有辅音，从右向左写。希腊语言元音发达，希腊人增添了元音字母。因为希腊人的书写工具是蜡板，有时前一行从右向左写完後顺势就从左向右写，变成所谓“耕地”式书写，後来逐渐演变成全部从左向右写。字母的方向也颠倒了。

罗马人引进希腊字母，略微改变变为拉丁字母，在世界广为流行。希腊字母广泛应用到学术领域，如数学等。西里尔字母也是由希腊字母演变而成。

英语单字 alphabe'（字母） ，源自通俗拉丁语Alphabetu'，即为前两个希腊字母α（alpha）及β（beta）所合成。

主表

下表列出希腊字母及其衍生字母（发音使用国际音标表示）：

字母名字发音对应的
腓尼基
字母		拉丁转写1
希腊语英语古代现代古代现代
Α α?λφαAlphaa aːfront unrounded vowel|a'Alephaa
Β ββ?ταBetablabiodental fricative|vBethbv
Γ γγ?μμαGammagpalatal fricative|ʝ before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i;
velar fricative|ɣ otherwise		Gimelggh, g, y
Δ δδ?λταDeltaddental fricative|ðDalethdd, dh
Ε ε?ψιλ?νEpsilonefront unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e?Heee
Ζ ζζ?ταZetazd, later zːalveolar fricative|zZayinzz
Η η?ταEtaɛːfront unrounded vowel|iHethe, ēi
Θ θθ?ταThetatʰdental fricative|θTeththth
Ι ιι?ταIotai iːfront unrounded vowel|i, approximant|jYodhii
Κ κκ?ππαKappakvelar fricative|c before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i;
velar plosive|k otherwise		Kaphkk
Λ λλ?μβδαLambdallateral approximant|lLamedhll
Μ μμιMumnasal|mMemmm
Ν ννιNunnasal|nNunnn
Ξ ξξιXiksksSamekhxx, ks
Ο ο?μικρ?νOmicronoback rounded vowel#Mid back rounded vowel|o?'Ayinoo
Π ππιPipbilabial plosive|pPepp
Ρ ρρωRhor, r̥flap|?Reshr (: rh)r
Σ σ?σ?γμαSigmasalveolar fricative|sShinss
Τ τταυTautalveolar plosive|tTawtt
Υ υ?ψιλ?νUpsilonu uː, later y yːfront unrounded vowel|ifrom Wawu, y (在辅音之间)y, v, f
Φ φφιPhipʰlabiodental fricative|f来源有争议phf
Χ χχιChikʰpalatal fricative|? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i;
velar fricative|x otherwise		chch, kh
Ψ ψψιPsipspspsps
Ω ωωμ?γαOmegaɔːback rounded vowel#Mid back rounded vowel|o?o, ōo
  1. 欲看其他细节或意译系统请看Transliteration of Greek into English。
在前古典时期或不用於雅典的方言时，一些字母有不同的发音。欲知详情，请看希腊字母的历史。

旧时的字母

以下字母不是标准希腊字母的一部分，而用在古典前期或者某些方言中。digamma、qoppa和sampi也用在希腊数字中。

字母名字发音对应的
腓尼基
字母		拉丁转写
? ?DigammawWaww
? ?SansTsades
? ?QoppaqQophq
? ?Sampits ?来源有争义–

字母组合和复合元音

字母发音拉丁转写
古老经典现代
?aːɪ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">aːɪaː">title="国际音标" class="IPA">aːfront unrounded vowel|aa
αι aɪ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɪfront unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e?ae
ειeɪ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">eɪeː">title="国际音标" class="IPA">eːfront unrounded vowel|ii
ηι??i">title="国际音标" class="IPA">??i??">title="国际音标" class="IPA">??front unrounded vowel|ie
οι oɪ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">oɪfront unrounded vowel|ioe, i (final)
υι yɪ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">yɪfront unrounded vowel|iui
ωιɔːɪ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔːɪɔː">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔːback rounded vowel#Mid back rounded vowel|o?o
αυ aʊ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">aʊav">title="国际音标" class="IPA">av before vowel or voiced consonant;
af">title="国际音标" class="IPA">af before voiceless sound		au, av
ευ eʊ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">eʊe?v">title="国际音标" class="IPA">e?v before vowel or voiced consonant;
e?f">title="国际音标" class="IPA">e?f before voiceless sound		eu, ev
ηυ ɛːʊ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛːʊiv">title="国际音标" class="IPA">iv before vowel or voiced consonant;
if">title="国际音标" class="IPA">if before voiceless sound		eu
ουoʊ">title="国际音标" class="IPA">oʊ
oː">title="国际音标" class="IPA">oː		uː">title="国际音标" class="IPA">uːback rounded vowel|uu, ou
γγ* ŋg">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋgŋg">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋg in formal speech (palatalised to ??">title="国际音标" class="IPA">?? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i),
but often reduced to velar plosive|g (palatalised to palatal plosive|? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i);
also pronounced ??">title="国际音标" class="IPA">?? in some contexts (palatalised to ??">title="国际音标" class="IPA">?? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e?)		ng
γκ* ŋk">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋkg">title="国际音标" class="IPA">g at the beginning of a word (palatalised to palatal plosive|? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i);
ŋg">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋg otherwise (palatalised to ??">title="国际音标" class="IPA">?? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i),
but often reduced to velar plosive|g (palatalised to palatal plosive|? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i)		nc, nk
γξ* ŋks">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋksŋks">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋksnx, nks
γχ* ŋx">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋxŋ?">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ? before front unrounded vowel#Mid front unrounded vowel|e? or front unrounded vowel|i;
ŋx">title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋx otherwise		nch, nkh
μπ--bilabial plosive|b at the beginning of a word;
mb">title="国际音标" class="IPA">mb otherwise, but often reduced to bilabial plosive|b		mp
ντ--alveolar plosive|d at the beginning of a word;
nd">title="国际音标" class="IPA">nd otherwise, but often reduced to alveolar plosive|d		nt

ISO 8859-7 编码

  • ISO 8859-7 编码是在 Unicode 流行之前的一种希腊字母电脑编码。请参阅 ISO/IEC 8859-7。

Unicode 编码

  • U+0370 - U+03F0 是 Monotonic Greek 。（当中 U+03E2 - U+03EF 属於古埃及字母编码，下表不作列出）
  • U+1F00 - U+1FFF 是 Polytonic Greek 。在1982年拼写法改革後已不再使用。
U+0123456789ABCDEF
0370    style="background:#9b9"style="background:#9b9"style="background:#666"|    style="background:#9b9"style="background:#866"|???style="background:#9b9"style="background:#666"| 
0380    style="background:#9b9"style="background:#666"|  
0390ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟ
03A0ΠΡ ΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ
03B0αβγδεζηθικλμνξο
03C0πρστυφχψω 
03D0style="background:#ff9"style="background:#885"style="background:#885"style="background:#ff9"style="background:#ff9"style="background:#ff9"|
03E0style="background:#ff9"colspan="14" style="background:#ddd;"|(古埃及字母区段'
03F0style="background:#cfc"style="background:#cfc"style="background:#cfc"style="background:#cfc"style="background:#bb7"style="background:#bb7"style="background:#885"style="background:#fcc"style="background:#fcc"style="background:#fcc"style="background:#fcc"style="background:#fcc"style="background:#b99"style="background:#b99"style="background:#b99"style="background:#b99"|
U+0123456789ABCDEF
1F00
1F10    
1F20
1F30
1F40    
1F50    
1F60
1F70  
1F80
1F90
1FA0
1FB0 
1FC0 
1FD0   
1FE0
1FF0