Derived languages
Main article'
Portuguese CreolePortugal in the period of discoveries and colonization created a linguistic contact with native languages and people of the discovered lands and thus pidgins were formed. Until the
18th century, these Portuguese pidgins were used as Lingua Franca in Asia and Africa. Later, the Portuguese pidgins were expanded grammatically and lexically, as it became a native language. These creoles are spoken, mostly, by inter-racial communities (Portuguese people with natives).
Cape Verde:
Equatorial Guinea:
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal:
India:
Macau, China:
Malaysia, Singapore:
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba:
Sao Tome and Principe:
Sri Lanka:
Suriname:
Some hybrid dialects came to exist after an interaction with
Spanish:
- A Fala — Spain
- Barranquenho — Portugal
- Gallego — Spain (The official variety, Galicians name it "Castrapo"'
- Portunol — Uruguai, Paraguai, Brazil and Argentina
Sounds
Main article'
Portuguese sounds葡萄牙语之所以特别吸引语言学家的地方在于其语音结构的复杂。这种语言拥有9个元音、5个鼻化元音和25个辅音。另外，葡萄牙语是一种“无重音语言”，因此，即使是在同一种方言中也存在着截然不同的发音。
元音 | | | |
|---|
| a | la, rato, | 那里, 老鼠 |
| ramo, luva | 树枝, 手套 | 见于欧洲的葡萄牙语。在北葡萄牙、巴西等地，读如a或a |
| ɛ | cafe, festa, | 咖啡, 舞会 |
| voce, medo | 您 (敬称), 恐惧 | |
| ɨ | leite, levar | 乳汁, 拿取 | 见于欧洲的葡萄牙语。在巴西读如i或e |
| i | idiota, milhao | 白痴, 百万 | |
| no, moda | 结, 方式 | |
| o | avo, olho, | 祖父母, 眼睛 |
|
鼻元音 | | | |
|---|
| ɐ̃ | irma, lancar | 姐妹, 开始 | 在北葡萄牙读如ã |
| ẽ | lembrar, entao | 回忆, 然后 |
| ĩ | limbo, brincar | 分支, 玩耍 |
| o | limoes, montanha | 柠檬, 山 |
| ũ | um, untar | 一, 浸油 |
半元音 | | | |
|---|
| j | caixa, ideia | 盒子, 想法 |
| w | ao, mau | 到, 坏的 |
辅音 | | | |
|---|
| b | bola | 球 | |
| tosta | 烤面包 | |
| d | dedo | 手指 | |
| k | casa, aquilo | 房屋, 那、那个 |
|
| f | ferro | 铁 | |
| v | vento | 风 | |
| sapo, assado | 青蛙, roasted | |
| z | natureza, raso | 自然, 平均 |
| ʃ | cheque, xadrez | 检查, 棋 | |
| jogo, gelo | 游戏, 冰 | |
| l | logo | 立即 | |
| ɫ | Brasil | 巴西 | 见于欧洲的葡萄牙语。在巴西读如w |
| ʎ | alho | 大蒜 | |
| mar, tiro | 海, 开枪 | 在巴西，结尾的'r', 如在ma'中的，有许多变读。 |
| r | rosa, carro | 玫瑰, 车 | 见于大多数地区，里斯本除外。 |
| ʀ | rosa, carro | 玫瑰, 车 | 主要见于里斯本。 |
| m | mapa | 地图 | |
| numero | 数 | |
| ɲ | ninho | 巢 | |
语法
Main articles'
葡萄牙语语法 —
Personal pronouns —
Verbs conjugationVerbs are divided into three
conjugations, which can be identified by looking at the infinitive ending, one of "-ar", "-er", "-ir" (and "-or", irregular verbs). Most verbs ends with "-ar", such as
canta' (to sing). All verbs with the same ending follow the same patern.
In Portuguese, verbs are divided into moods:
- Imperativ'. Used to express a wish, command or advice
- Indicativ'. Used to express a fact
- Subjectiv'. Used to express a wish or a possibility
All Portuguese nouns have one of two genders: masculine or inclusive and feminine or exclusive. Most
adjectives and
pronouns, and all articles indicate the
gender of the noun they reference. The feminine gender in adjectives is formed in a different way to that in nouns. Most adjectives ending in a consonant remain unchanged:
homem superio' (superior man),
mulher superio' (superior woman). This is also true for adjectives ending in "e":
homem fort'(strong man),
mulher fort'(strong woman). Except for this, the noun and the adjective must always be in agreement.
词汇
Since Portuguese is a Romance language, most of the language comes from
Latin. However, other languages that have come into contact with Portuguese have left their mark.